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Question: Does anyone know what the voltage means on electrical wire sheathing? Some 14AWG wires show 600V and others are 800V.
I have a burnt wire that shows 1000V.

They are all 14AWG, stranded, copper wire. I just don’t know what the voltage rating means. Does the wire support up to that many volts or does the sheath resist heat better the higher the number is?

Answer: The voltage shown is the maximum that the insulation can handle. Different types and thicknesses can handle different voltages before failing.
Wires are burnt by current, not voltage.